Bibliography - Selected References

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GLOBAL

Rossi IA, Zuber PL, Dumolard L, Walker DG, Watt J. Introduction of Hib vaccine into national immunization programmes: A descriptive analysis of global trends. Vaccine. 2007 Oct 10;25(41):7075-7080. Epub 2007 Aug 15.

WHO Position Paper on Haemophilus Influenzae type B conjugate vaccines. Weekly Epidemiological Record. Nov. 24, 2006: 47 (81) 445-52.

UNICEF/The World Health Organization. Pneumonia: The Forgotten Killer of Children. 2006.

Chandran A, Watt JP, Santosham M. Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Past successes and future challenges. Expert Review of Vaccines 2005; 4(6): 819-827.

Watt JP, Levine OS, Santosham M. Global reduction of Hib disease: what are the next steps? Proceedings of the meeting Scottsdale, Arizona, September 22-25, 2002. J Pediatr 2003; 143(6 Suppl):S163-S187.

Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS, and The Bellagio Child Survival Study Group. How many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet. 2003 Jul 5;362(9377):65-71.

Gessner BD. Worldwide variation in the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis and its association with ampicillin resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21(2):79-87.

Bennett JV, Platonov AE, Slack MP, Mala P, Burton A, Robertson SA. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis in the pre-vaccine era: a global review of incidence, age distributions, and case-fatality rates. 2002. Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization.

Williams BG, Gouws E, Boschi-Pinto C, Bryce J, Dye C. Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002; 2(1):25-32.

Granoff DM. Assessing efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b combination vaccines. [Review] [91 refs]. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;33:Suppl-87.

Peltola H. Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae type b disease at the beginning of the 21st century: global analysis of the disease burden 25 years after the use of the polysaccharide vaccine and a decade after the advent of conjugates. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13(2):302-317.

Mulholland K, Levine O, Nohynek H, Greenwood BW. Evaluation of vaccines for the prevention of pneumonia in children in developing countries. Epidemiological Reviews 1999; 21(1):43-55.

Ward JI, Zangwill K. Haemophilus influenzae vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Mortimer EA, eds. Vaccines.3rd ed., W.B. Saunders Company, 1999, 183-221.

Wenger JD, DiFabio J, Landaverde JM, Levine OS, Gaafar T. Introduction of Hib conjugate vaccines in the non-industrialized world: experience in four ‘newly adopting’ countries. Vaccine. 1999 Nov 12;18(7-8):736-42.

Decker MD, Edwards KM. Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines: history, choice and comparisons. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998;17(9:Suppl):Suppl-6.

Global Programme for Vaccines, Immunization (GPV). The WHO Position Paper on Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccines. Weekly Epidemiologic Record 73(10), 64-71 (1998)

Levine OS, Schwartz B, Pierce N, Kane M. Development, evaluation and implementation of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines for young children in developing countries: current status and priority actions. Ped Infect Dis J 1998; 17(9):95-113.

Wenger JD, Booy R, Heath PT, Moxon R. Epidemiological impact of conjugate vaccine on invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. In: Levine MM, Woodrow GC, Kaper JB, Cobon GS, editors. New Generation Vaccines. Second ed. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 1997. p. 489-502.

Granoff DM, Lucas AH. Laboratory correlates of protection against Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Importance of assessment of antibody avidity and immunologic memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1995;754:278-88.

Adams WG, Deaver KA, Cochi SL, Plidaytis BD, Zell ER, Broome CV et al. Decline of Childhood Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Disease in the Hib Vaccine Era. JAMA 1993; 269(2):221-226.

Decker MD, Edwards KM, Bradley R, Palmer P. Comparative trial in infants of four conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. Journal of Pediatrics 1992;120:184-9.

Funkhouser A, Steinhoff MC, Ward J. Haemophilus influenzae disease and immunization in developing countries. [Review] [103 refs]. Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1991;13:Suppl-54.

Bijlmer HA. World-Wide Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis; Industrialized versus Non-Industrialized Countries. Vaccine 1991; 9: S5-9.

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AFRICA

Mulholland EK and Adegbola RA: Bacterial Infections — A Major Cause of Death among Children in Africa. NEJM 2005; 352: 75-77.

Burkina Faso

Yaro, S, Lourd M, Naccro B, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Hien A, Ouedraogo MS, Traore Y, Schouls LM, Parent du Chatelet I, Gessner BD, Clinical Laboratory Group. The epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Burkina Faso. Pediatr Inf Dis J 2006; 25(5): 415-9.

Parent dC, I, Traore Y, Gessner BD, Antignac A, Naccro B, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM et al. Bacterial meningitis in Burkina Faso: surveillance using field-based polymerase chain reaction testing. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40(1):17-25.

Tall FR, Elola A, Prazuck T, Traore A, Nacro B, Vincent-Ballereau F. Meningites a Haemophilus influenzae a Bobo Dioulasso. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses. 1992: 22(12): 1173-1177.

The Gambia

Howie SR, Antonio M, Akisanya A, Sambou S, Hakeem I, Secka O, Adegbola RA. Re-emergence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in The Gambia following successful elimination with conjugate Hib vaccine. Vaccine. 2007 Aug 21;25(34):6305-9. Epub 2007 Jun 29.

Adegbola RA, Secka O, Lahai G, Lloyd-Evans N, Njie A, Usen S, Oluwalana C. Obaro S, Weber M, Corrah T, Mulholland K, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Milligan PJM. Elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease from the Gambia after the introduction of routine immunization with a Hib conjugate vaccine: a prospective study. Lancet 2005; 366:144-150.

Adegbola RA, Mulholland EK, Secka O, Jaffar S, Greenwood BM. Vaccination with a Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccine Reduces Oropharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae Type b among Gambian Children. J Infect Dis 1998; 177:1758-61

Mulholland K, Hilton S, Adegbola R, Usen S, Oparaugo A, Omosigho C et al. Randomised trial of Haemophilus influenzae type-b tetanus protein conjugate vaccine for prevention of pneumonia and meningitis in Gambian infants. Lancet 1997; 349(9060):1191-1197.

Adegbola RA, Mulholland EK, Falade AG, Secka O, Sarge-Njai R, Corrah T et al. Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in the western region of The Gambia: background surveillance for a vaccine efficacy trial. Ann Trop Paediatr 1996; 16(2):103-111.

Greenwood B. Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections, especially those due to Haemophilus influenzae type b, in The Gambia, west Africa. J Infect Disease. 1992; 165(S1): S26-28.

Bijlmer HA, van Alphen L, Greenwood BM, Brown J, Schneider G, Hughes A et al. The epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in children under five years of age in The Gambia, West Africa. J Infect Dis 1990; 161(6):1210-1215.

Ghana

Renner, L. A., Newman, M. J., Ahadzie, L, Antwi-Agyei, K. O., Eshetu, M. Introduction of Haemophilus Influenzae type b Conjugate Vaccine Into Routine Immunization in Ghana and its Impact on Bacterial Meningitis in Children Younger Than Five Years. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 26(4):356-358, April 2007

Kenya

Akumu, A. O., English, M., Scott, J. A. G., Griffiths, U. Economic evaluation of delivering Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in routine immunization services in Kenya. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. July 2007, 85(7).

Cowgill KD, Ndiritu M, Nyiro J, Slack MPE, Chiphatsi S, Ismail A, Kaumau T, Mwangi I, English M, Newton C RJC, Feiken DR, Scott J A G. Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine introduction into routine childhood immunization in Kenya. JAMA 2006; 296: 671-678.

Berkley JA, Lowe BS, Mwangi I, et al. Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. N Engl J Med 2005;352:39-47.

Scott A, Mwarumba S, Ngestsa C, Njenga S, Lowe BS, Slack M PE, Berkley JA, Mwangi I, Maitland K, English M, Marsh K. Progressive Increase in Antimicrobial Resistance among Invasive Isolates of Haemophilus influenzae Obtained from Children Admitted to a Hospital in Kilifi, Kenya, from 1994 to 2002. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2005, 49 (7): 3021-3024

Malawi

Daza P, Banda R, Misoya K, Katsulukuta A, Gessner B, Katsande R, Mhlanga B, Mueller J, Nelson C, Phiri A, Molyneux E, Molyneux M. The impact of routine immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine in Malawi, a country with high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence. Vaccine 2006; in press. e-publication June 9.

Molyneux E, Walsh A, Phiri A, Molyneux M. Acute bacterial meningitis in children admitted to the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi in 1996-97. Trop Med Int Health 1998; 3(8):610-618.

Mali

Sow, SO, Diallo S, Campbell JD, Tapia MD, Keita T, K, Keita MM, Murray P, Kotloff KL, Levine MM. Burden of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B in Bamako, Mali: impetus for routine immunization with conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24(6): 533-7.

Niger

Campagne G, Schuchat A, Djibo S, Ousseini A, Cisse L, Chippaux JP. Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in Niamey, Niger, 1981-96. Bull World Health Organ 1999; 77(6):499-508.

Rwanda

Muganga N, Uwimana J, Fidele N, Gahimbare L, Gessner BD, Mueller JE, Mhlanga BR, Katsande R, Herbinger KH, Rugambwa C. Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine impact against purulent meningitis in Rwanda. Vaccine. 2007 Sep 28;25(39-40):7001-5. Epub 2007 Jul 5.

Senegal

Cadoz M, Denis F, Diop Mar I. Etude épidémiologique des cas de méningites purulentes hospitalisés à Dakar pendant la décennie 1970-1979. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1981; 59:575-584.

South Africa

von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, Mahdi SA, du Plessis M, Quan V, Soma K, Hueber R, Flannery B, Schuchat A, Klugman KP, the Group for Enteric, Respiratory and Meningeal Disease Surveillance in South Africa (GERM-SA). Impact of conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in South Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2006: 84(10): 811-818.

Martin M, Casellas JM, Madhi SA, Urquhart TJ, Delport SD, Ferrero F et al. Impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in South Africa and Argentina. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23(9):842-847.

Madhi SA, Petersen K, Khoosal M, Huebner RE, Mbelle N, Mothupi R et al. Reduced effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in children with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002;21(4):315-21.

Hussey G, Hitchcock J, Schaaf H, Coetzee G, Hanslo D, van Schalkwyk E et al. Epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections in Cape Town, South Africa. Annals of Tropical Pediatrics 1994; 14:97-103.

A von Gottberg, L de Gouveia, SA Madhi, V Quan, K Soma, R Huebner, B Flannery, A Schuchat, KP Klugman, & the group for Enteric, Respiratory and Meningeal Disease Surveillance in South Africa (Germ-SA). Impact of conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine introduction in South Africa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Sep;23(9):842-7

Tanzania and Zimbabwe

Princeton Survey Research Associates. Benchmark Surveys on Childhood Immunization in Thailand, Nepal, Zimbabwe and Tanzania. 2005.

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MIDDLE EAST

United Arab Emirates

Haemophilus influenzae Type b Still Remains a Leading Cause of Meningitis Among Unvaccinated Children – A prospective CSF Analysis Study. J of Tropical Pediatrics 2000; 46:441-334

Israel

Dagan R, Fraser D, Roitman M, Slater P, Anis E, Ashkenazi S et al. Effectiveness of a nationwide infant immunization program against Haemophilus influenzae b. The Israeli Pediatric Bacteremia and Meningitis Group. Vaccine. 1999;17(2):134-41.

Dagan R, Fraser D, Greif Z, Keller N, Kaufstein M, Shazberg G et al. A nationwide prospective surveillance study in Israel to document pediatric invasive infections, with an emphasis on Haemophilus influenzae type b infections. Israeli Pediatric Bacteremia and Meningitis Group. Pediat Infect Dis J. 1998;17(9:S):S-203.

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ASIA

Review panel on Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease burden in Bangladesh, Indonesia and other Asian countries, Bangkok, 28-29 January 2004. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2004; 79(18):173-175.

Lolekha S, Cooksley G, Chan V, Isahak I, Ismael S, John J et al. A review of Hib epidemiology in Asia. [Review] [42 refs]. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health 2000;31(4):650-7

Peltola H. Spectrum and burden of severe Haemophilus influenzae type B diseases in Asia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1999; 77(11).

Peltola H. Need for Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination in Asia as evidenced by epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17(9 Suppl):S148-S151

Bangladesh

Baqui AH, El Arifeen S, Saha SK, Persson L, Zaman K, Gessner BD, Moulton LH, Black RE, Santosham M. Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine on prevention of pneumonia and meningitis in Bangladeshi children: a case-control study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Jul;26(7):565-71.

Saha SK, Baqui AH, Shams A, Shamim O, Dewan B, Maksuda I, Eliza R, M. Ruthulamin, Black RE, Santosham M. Detection of antigenuria for diagnosis of invasive Haemophilus type b disease. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 2006 26, 329.336

Saha SK, Baqui AH, Darmstadt GL, RuhulAmin M, Hanif M, Arifeen SE, Oishi K, Santosham M, Nagatake T, Black RE. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b diseases in Bangladesh with increased resistance to antibiotics. J. Pediatrics 2005:146:227-33.

Review panel on Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease burden in Bangladesh, Indonesia and other Asian countries, Bangkok, 28-29 January 2004. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2004; 79(18):173-175.

Saha SK, Rikitomi N, RuhulAmin M, Watanabe K, Ahmed K, Biswas D, Hanif M, Khan WA, Islam M, Matsumoto K, Nagatake T. Increasing burden of disease in Bangladeshi children due to Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. Annals of Trop Paed 1997:17, 5-8.

China

Wang YJ, Vuori-Holopainen E, Yang Y, Wang Y, Hu Y, Leboulleux D et al. Relative frequency of Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia in Chinese children as evidenced by serology. Pediatr.Infect.Dis.J. 2002;21(4):271-7.

Yang Y, Shen X, Vuori-Holopainen E, Leboulleux D, Wang YJ, Leinonen M et al. Seroetiology of acute lower respiratory infections among hospitalized children in Beijing. Pediatr.Infect.Dis.J. 2001;20(1):52-8

Levine OS, Liu G, Garman RL, Dowell SF, Yu S, Yang YH. Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae as causes of pneumonia among children in Beijing, China. Emerg.Infect.Dis. 2000;6(2):165-70.

Yang Y, Shen X, Jiang Z, Liu X, Leng Z, Lu D et al. Study on Haemophilus influenzae type b diseases in China: the past, present and future. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17(9 Suppl):S159-S165.

Yang Y, Leng Z, Shen X, Lu D, Jiang Z, Rao J et al. Acute bacterial meningitis in children in Hefei, China 1990-1992. Chin Med J (Engl) 1996; 109(5):385-388.

Fiji

Wilson N, Mansoor O, Wenger J, Martin R, Zanardi L, O'Leary M et al. Estimating the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease burden and the impact of Hib vaccine in Fiji. Vaccine 2003; 21(17-18):1907-1912.

Hong Kong

YL, Yung R, Low L, Sung R, Leung CW, Lee WH. Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in Hong Kong. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17(9 Suppl):S165-S169.

Lau YL, Low LC, Yung R, Ng KW, Leung CW, Lee WH et al. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in children hospitalized in Hong Kong, 1986-1990. Hong Kong Hib Study Group. Acta Paediatr 1995; 84(2):173-176.

India

Are Haemophilus influenzae infections a significant problem in India? A prospective study and review. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34(7):949-957.

Cherian T, Thomas N, Raghupathy P, Durot I, Dutta A. Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine given in combination with DTP at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Indian Pediatrics 2002;39:427-36.

Chinchankar N, Mane M, Bhave S, Bapat S, Bavdekar A, Pandit A et al. Diagnosis and outcome of acute bacterial meningitis in early childhood. Indian Pediatr 2002; 39(10):914-921.

Levine OS, Wenger JD. Defining the burden of Hib disease in India. Indian Pediatr 2002; 39(1):5-11.

Sahai S, Mahadevan S, Srinivasan S, Kanungo R. Childhood bacterial meningitis in Pondicherry, South India. Indian J Pediatr 2001; 68(9):839-841.

John TJ, Cherian T, Raghupathy P. Haemophilus influenzae disease in children in India: a hospital perspective. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17(9 Suppl):S169-S171.

Steinhoff MC. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in India: a preliminary report of prospective multihospital surveillance. IBIS (Invasive Bacterial Infections Surveillance) Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17(9 Suppl):S172-S175.

Indonesia

Broughton EI. Economic evaluation of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccination in Indonesia: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Public Health (Oxf). 2007 Sep 17; [Epub ahead of print]

Gessner BD, Sutanto A, Linehan M, Djelantik IG, Fletcher T, Gerudug IK, Ingenari, Mercer D, Monjaga V, Moulton LH, Mulholland EK, Nelson C, Soemohardio, Steinhoff M, Widiaya A, Stoekel P, Maynard J, Arjosos J. Incidences of vaccine-preventable Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia and meningitis in Indonesian children: hamlet-randomised vaccine-probe trial. Lancet 2005; 365(9453):43-52.

Review panel on Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease burden in Bangladesh, Indonesia and other Asian countries, Bangkok, 28-29 January 2004. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2004; 79(18):173-175.

Korea

Lee HJ. Epidemiology of systemic Haemophilus influenzae disease in Korean children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1998;17(9 Suppl):S185-S189.

Pacific Island Countries

Russell FM, Carapetis JR, Mansoor O, Darcy A, Fakakovi T, Metai A, Potoi NT, Wilson N, Mulholland EK. High Incidence of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Infection in Children in Pacific Island Countries. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1593-1599.

Pakistan

Hussain H, Waters H, Omer SB, Khan A, Baig IY, Mistry R, Halsey N. The cost of treatment for child pneumonias and meningitis in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2006; 21(3):229-38.

Papua New Guinea

Lehmann D, Michael A, Omena M, Clegg A, Lupiwa T, Sanders RC et al. Bacterial and viral etiology of severe infection in children less than three months old in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18(10 Suppl):S42-S49.

Lehmann D. Epidemiology of acute respiratory tract infections, especially those due to Haemophilus influenzae, in Papua New Guinean children. J Infect Dis 1992; 165 Suppl 1:S20-S25.

Thailand

Princeton Survey Research Associates. Benchmark Surveys on Childhood Immunization in Thailand, Nepal, Zimbabwe and Tanzania. 2005.

Rerks-Ngarm S, Treleaven S, Chunsuttiwat S, Muangchana C, Jolley D, Brooks A, Dejsirilert S, Warintrawat S, Guiver M, Kunasol, P, Maynard JE, Biggs BA, Steinhoff M. Prospective population-based incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Thailand. Vaccine 2004: 22:975-983.

Chotpitayasunondh T. Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Thailand. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17(9 Suppl):S191.

Vietnam

Anh DD, Kilgore PE, Kennedy WA, Batmunkh NA, Long HT, Jodar L, Clemens JD, Ward JI and the Vietnam Invasive Bacterial Disease Surveillance Network. Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis among children in Hanoi, Vietnam: epidemiologic patterns and estimates of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease burden. Am J Top Med Hyg 2006; 74(3): 509-515.

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NORTH AMERICA

Zhou F, Bisgard KM, Yusuf HR, Deuson RR, Bath SK, Murphy TV. Impact of universal Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination starting at 2 months of age in the United States: an economic analysis.[comment]. Pediatrics. 2002;110(4):653-61.

Jafari HS, Adams WG, Robinson KA, Plikaytis BD, Wenger JD. Efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines and persistence of disease in disadvantaged populations. The Haemophilus Influenzae Study Group. American Journal of Public Health. 1999;89(3):364-8.

Native Americans

Moulton LH, Chung S, Croll J, Reid R, Weatherholtz RC, Santosham M. Estimation of the indirect effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in an American Indian population. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2000;29(4):753-6.

Santosham M, Rivin B, Wolff M, Reid R, Newcomer W, Letson GW et al. Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in Apache and Navajo children. J Infect Dis 1992; 165 Suppl 1:S144-S151.

Santosham M, Wolff M, Reid R, Hohenboken M, Bateman M, Goepp J et al. The efficacy in Navajo infants of a conjugate vaccine consisting of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and Neisseria meningitidis outer-membrane protein complex. N Engl J Med 1991; 324(25):1767-1772.

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LATIN AMERICA/ CARIBBEAN

Martin M, Casellas JM, Madhi SA, Urquhart TJ, Delport SD, Ferrero F et al. Impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in South Africa and Argentina. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23(9):842-847.

de Andrade ALSS, de Andrade JG, Martelli CMT, e Silva SA, de Oliveira RM, Costa MSN, Laval CB , Ribeiro LHV, Di Fabio JL. Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine on childhood pneumonia: a case-control study in Brazil. Int J of Epidemiology 2004; 33(1): 173-181.

de la Hoz F, Higuera AB, Di Fabio JL, Luna M, Naranjo AG, de la Luz Valencia M, Pastor D, Hall A. Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine against bacterial pneumonia in Colombia. Vaccine 2004; 23:36-42

Weiss D, Coplan P, Guess H. Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis among children in Brazil 1997-1998. Rev Saúde Pública 2001:35(3) 249-55

Barton-Forbes MA, Samms-Vaughan M, Irons B. Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae invasive disease in Jamaica, 1990-1993. West Indian Med J 2000;49(3):200-204.

Gomez E, Peguero M, Sanchez J, Castellanos PL, Feris J, Pena C et al. Population-based surveillance for bacterial meningitis in the Dominican Republic: implications for control by vaccination. Epidemiology & Infection. 2000;125(3):549-54.

Levine OS, Lagos R, Munoz A, Villaroel J, Alvarez AM, Abrego P et al. Defining the burden of pneumonia in children preventable by vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b. Pediatr.Infect.Dis.J. 1999;18(12):1060-4.

Gomez E, Moore A, Sanchez J, Kool J, Castellanos PL, Feris JM et al. The epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b carriage among infants and young children in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Pediatr.Infect.Dis.J. 1998;17(9):782-6.

Levine MM, Lagos R, Levine OS, Heitmann I, Enriquez N, Pinto ME et al. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in infants and young children in Metropolitan Santiago, Chile, a newly industrializing country. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17(4):287-293.

Peltola H. Haemophilus influenzae type b disease and vaccination in Latin America and the Caribbean. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16(8):780-787.

Lagos R, Horwitz I, Toro J, San Martin O, Abrego P, Bustamante C et al. Large scale, postlicensure, selective vaccination of Chilean infants with PRP-T conjugate vaccine: practicality and effectiveness in preventing invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b infections. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996;15(3):216-22.

Levine OS, Ortiz E, Contreras R, Lagos R, Vial P, Misrji A et al. Cost-benefit analysis for the use of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Santiago, Chile. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137(11):1221-8.

Bryan JP, Rodriques de Silva H, Tavares A, Rocha H, Scheld WM. Etiology and mortality of bacterial meningitis in northeastern Brazil. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1990; 12(1):128-35.

Ferreccio C, Ortiz E, Astroza L, Rivera C, Clemens J, Levine MM. A population-based retrospective assessment of the disease burden resulting from invasive Haemophilus influenzae in infants and young children in Santiago, Chile. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9(7):488-494.

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EUROPE

Skoczynska A, Kadlubowski M, Empel J, Hryniewicz. Characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae type b responsible for meningitis in Poland from 1997 to 2004. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(11):5665-9.

Farhoudi D, Lofdahl M, GieseckeJ. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Sweden 1997-2003: epidemiological trends and patterns in the post-vaccine era. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005 Haemophilus influenzae type b;37(10)717-22.

McVernon J, Trotter CL, Slack MP, Ramsay ME. Trends in infections in adults in England and Wales: surveillance study. BMJ. 2004;329 (7467):655-8.

Hviid A, Melbye M. Impact of routine vaccination with a conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. Vaccine. 2004 Jan 2;22(3-4):378-82

Trotter CL, Ramsay ME, Slack MP. Rising incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in England and Wales indicates a need for a second catch-up vaccination campaign. Commun Dis Public Health 2003; 6(1):55-58.

Zielinski A, Tomaszunas-Blaszczyk J, Kuklinska D. Epidemiology of childhood bacterial meningitis in Poland. Incidence of bacterial meningitis with special reference to Haemophilus influenzae type b among children 0-59 months old in the former Kielce and Bydgoszcz districts in Poland in 1998-1999. Eur J Epidemiol. 2001;17(8):779-82

Garpenholt O, Hugosson S, Fredlund H, Giesecke J, Olcen P. Invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae type b during the first six years of general vaccination of Swedish children. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89(4):471-4

Slack MP, Azzopardi HJ, Hargreaves RM, Ramsay ME. Enhanced surveillance of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in England, 1990 to 1996: impact of conjugate vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;(9 Suppl):S204-7.

Peltola H. Haemophilus influenzae type b disease and vaccination in Europe: lessons learned. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17(9 Suppl):S126-S132.

Trollfors B. Cost-benefit analysis of general vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease 1994; 26:611-4.

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HIV

Daza P, Banda R, Misoya K, Katsulukuta A, Gessner B, Katsande R, Mhlanga B, Mueller J, Nelson C, Phiri A, Molyneux E, Molyneux M. The impact of routine immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine in Malawi, a country with high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence. Vaccine 2006; in press. e-publication June 9.

Madhi SA, Petersen K, Khoosal M, Huebner RE, Mbelle N, Mothupi R et al. Reduced effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in children with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21(4):315-321.

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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Scott A, Mwarumba S, Ngestsa C, Njenga S, Lowe BS, Slack M PE, Berkley JA, Mwangi I, Maitland K, English M, Marsh K. Progressive increase in antimicrobial resistance among invasive isolates of Haemophilus influenzae obtained from children admitted to a hospital in Kilifi, Kenya, from 1994 to 2002. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, July 2005, 49 (7): 3021-3024.

Saha SK, Baqui AH, Darmstadt GL, RuhulAmin M, Hanif M, Arifeen SE, Oishi K, Santosham M, Nagatake T, Black RE. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b diseases in Bangladesh with increased resistance to antibiotics. J. Pediatrics 2005:146:227-33.

Gessner BD. Worldwide variation in the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis and its association with ampicillin resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21(2):79-87.

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ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS

Gray G, McPhate D, Leinonen M, Cassell G, Deperalta E, Putnam S et al. Weekly Oral Azithromycin as Prophylaxis for Agents Causing Acute Respiratory Disease. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:103-110.

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TOOLS AND PROTOCOLS

Feikin DR, Nelson CB, Watt JP, Mohsni E, Wenger JD, Levine OS. Rapid assessment tool for Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10(7):1270-1276

World Health Organization. Standardization of interpretation of chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children. 2001: Geneva.

World Health Organization. Laboratory Manual for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. 1999.World Health Organization. Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B. 1996.

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LAB TECHNIQUES

Saha SK, Baqui AH, Shams A, Shamim O, Dewan B, Maksuda I, Eliza R, M. Ruthulamin, Black RE, Santosham M. Detection of antigenuria for diagnosis of invasive Haemophilus type b disease. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 2006 26, 329.336

Singhi SC, Mohankumar D, Singhi PD, Sapru S, Ganguly NK. Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosing Haemophilus influenzae b meningitis. Ann Trop Paediatr 2002; 22(4):347-353.

Parent dC, I, Traore Y, Gessner BD, Antignac A, Naccro B, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM et al. Bacterial meningitis in Burkina Faso: surveillance using field-based polymerase chain reaction testing. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40(1):17-25.

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COST EFFECTIVENESS/ VACCINE VALUE

Broughton EI. Economic evaluation of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccination in Indonesia: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Public Health (Oxf). 2007 Sep 17; [Epub ahead of print]

Akumu AO, English M, Scott JA, Griffiths UK. Economic evaluation of delivering Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in routine immunization services in Kenya. Bull World Health Organization 2007; 85 (7): 511-8.

Hussain H, Waters H, Omer SB, Khan A, Baig IY, Mistry R, Halsey N. The cost of treatment for child pneumonias and meningitis in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2006; 21(3):229-38.

Platonov AE, Griffiths UK, Voeykova ME, Platonova AV, Shakhanina IL, Chistyakova GG, Roberston SE, the Hib Moscow Study Team. Economic Evaluation of Haemophilus influenzae type b in Moscow, Russian Federation. Vaccine. 2005 (Epub Dec 2005)

Bloom DE, Canning D, Weston M. The Value of Vaccination. World Economics; 2005: 6(3): 1-23

Brinsmead R, Hill S, Walker D. Are economic evaluations of vaccines useful to decision makers? Case study of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines. Ped Inf Dis J 2004; 23: 32-7

Duke T. Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: how much better is prevention than cure. PNG Med J 2002;45(3–4):213–8.

Zhou F, Bisgard KM, Yusuf HR, Deuson RR, Bath SK, Murphy TV. Impact of universal Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination starting at 2 months of age in the United States: an economic analysis.[comment]. Pediatrics. 2002;110(4):653-61.

Miller M, McCann L. Policy Analysis of the use of hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Streptococcus pneumoniae-conjugate and rotavirus vaccines in national immunization schedules. Health Economics. 2000: 9(1): 19-35.

Hussain IHM, Aljunid S, Sofiah A, Ong LC, Choo KE, Musa MN, et al. Cost-benefit analysis of Haemophilus influenzae vaccination programme in Malaysia. Bulletin Kesihatan Masyarakat Jilid 1999;5:79–89.

Trollfors B. Cost-benefit analysis of general vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease 1994; 26:611-4.

Levine OS, Ortiz E, Contreras R, Lagos R, Vial P, Misrji A et al. Cost-benefit analysis for the use of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Santiago, Chile. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137(11):1221-8.

Hay JW, Daum RS. Cost-benefit analysis of Haemophilus influenzae type b prevention: conjugate vaccination at eighteen months of age. Ped Infect Dis J 1990; 9(4):246-252.

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SAFETY AND EFFICACY/IMMUNOGENICITY

Juan C. Tejedor, MD, Manuel Moro, MD, Jesu´s Ruiz-Contreras, MD,et al. Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Primary Immunization with a Novel Combined Haemophilus influenzae Type b and Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C-Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine Coadministered With a Diphtheria–Tetanus–Acellular Pertussis– Hepatitis b Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26(1): 1-7.

Kanra G, Kara A, Demiralp O, Contorni M, Hilbert AK, Spyr C, Viviani S. Safety and immunogenicity of a New Fully Liquid DTPw-HepB-Hib Combination vaccine in infants. HumVaccine 2006 Jul 21;2(4) [Epub ahead of print] PMID

Cherian T, Thomas N, Raghupathy P, Durot I, Dutta A. Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine given in combination with DTP at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Indian Pediatrics 2002;39:427-36.

Granoff DM. Assessing efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b combination vaccines. [Review] [91 refs]. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;33:Suppl-87.

Heath PT. Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines: a review of efficacy data. [Review] [19 refs]. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998;17(9:Suppl):Suppl-22.

Fritzell B, Plotkin S. Efficacy and safety of a Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine. [Review] [33 refs]. Journal of Pediatrics. 1992;121(3):355-62.

Granoff DM, Anderson EL, Osterholm MT, Holmes SJ, McHugh JE, Belshe RB et al. Differences in the immunogenicity of three Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in infants. J.Pediatr. 1992;121(2):187-94.

Santosham M, Wolff M, Reid R, Hohenboken M, Bateman M, Goepp J et al. The efficacy in Navajo infants of a conjugate vaccine consisting of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and Neisseria meningitidis outer-membrane protein complex. N Engl J Med 1991; 324(25):1767-1772.

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IN PRESS

The Middle East and North Africa Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Regional Advisory Group. The Epidemiology of Pneumococcal, Meningococcal, and Hib Disease in North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR)- Current Status and Needs. Vaccine. In press.

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